German concentration camps (in this text, the term is used to refer to various types of camps, including concentration camps, forced labor camps, and extermination camps) became symbols of German crimes against many nations in Europe during World War II. The first of...

After the outbreak of World War II, one of the main goals of both German and Soviet occupiers was the destruction of the Polish leadership. The Germans pursued this through the so-called Intelligenzaktion, or "Intelligence Action," during which approximately fifty...

After the outbreak of World War II, the Polish authorities, both civilian and military, continued their activities in exile. Initially based in France and later in England after the fall of France, the idea that guided Polish commanders during the existence of the...

Stefan Starzyński was a native Varsovian, born on August 19, 1893, in the city, precisely at 33 Dobra Street. He was the third child of Alfons Starzyński and Jadwiga née Lipska. Stefan's parents were Polish patriots; his mother taught French, and his father, hailing...

Gabriel Narutowicz came from a Polish patriotic noble family. He was born and raised in Żmudź, where his father, Jan Narutowicz, served as a county judge and owned the Brewniki estate. As a foresighted and progressive landowner, Jan abolished serfdom on his lands....

When World War II broke out, the German leader and one of the greatest criminals in history (but that was yet to be revealed), Adolf Hitler, did not have specific plans regarding the Jewish population. Nevertheless, he genuinely hated and persecuted people of this...

At the end of the 18th century. Republic lost its freedom, sovereignty and independence. The reason for this state of affairs was primarily the weakness of the state, which was worked for by a great many, starting with the last Polish kings. The worst records in our...